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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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    <title>about :: abdulocracy's personal site</title>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content=" name: Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı handle: abdulocracy contact:  email: my handle at disroot dot org irc (freenode): abdulocracy   "/>
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<meta name="keywords" content=""/>
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://022385.xyz/about/" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://022385.xyz/assets/style.css">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="about :: abdulocracy's personal site — " />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content=" name: Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı handle: abdulocracy contact:  email: my handle at disroot dot org irc (freenode): abdulocracy   " />
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="https://022385.xyz/" />
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<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
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<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
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<meta property="og:title" content="about :: abdulocracy's personal site — ">
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<meta property="og:description" content=" name: Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı handle: abdulocracy contact:  email: my handle at disroot dot org irc (freenode): abdulocracy   " />
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://022385.xyz/about/" />
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<meta property="og:site_name" content="about" />
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<meta property="og:image" content="">
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="2048">
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="1024">
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<meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-11-04 11:14:55 +0100 CET" />
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    abdulocracy
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</a>
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    </div>
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    <div class="menu-trigger">menu</div>
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          <li class="menu__sub-inner-more-trigger">≡ ▾</li>
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                <li><a href="/about">about</a></li>
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                <li><a href="/tags/university-notes">university notes</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/about">about</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/tags/university-notes">university notes</a></li>
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  </ul>
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</nav>
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  <div class="content">
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<div class="post">
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  <h1 class="post-title">
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    <a href="https://022385.xyz/about/">about</a></h1>
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  <div class="post-meta">
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    <span class="post-date">
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      2019-11-04
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    <p><image src="../face.jpg" width="173" height="150" /></p>
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<ul>
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<li>name: Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı</li>
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<li>handle: abdulocracy</li>
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<li>contact:
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<ul>
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<li>email: my handle at disroot dot org</li>
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<li>irc (freenode): abdulocracy</li>
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</ul></li>
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    <footer class="footer">
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      <div class="copyright copyright--user">
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        <span>© Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı 2019 :: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
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	<span>:: Theme made by <a href="https://twitter.com/panr">panr</a></span>
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      </div>
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  </div>
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</footer>
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<script src="https://022385.xyz/assets/main.js"></script>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-zB1R0rpPzHqg7Kpt0Aljp8JPLqbXI3bhnPWROx27a9N0Ll6ZP/+DiW/UqRcLbRjq" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-y23I5Q6l+B6vatafAwxRu/0oK/79VlbSz7Q9aiSZUvyWYIYsd+qj+o24G5ZU2zJz" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
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<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-kWPLUVMOks5AQFrykwIup5lo0m3iMkkHrD0uJ4H5cjeGihAutqP0yW0J6dpFiVkI" crossorigin="anonymous"
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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    <title>Categories :: Terminal — A simple, retro theme for Hugo</title>
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    <title>Categories :: abdulocracy's personal site</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://022385.xyz/assets/style.css">
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  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://022385.xyz/assets/pink.css">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://022385.xyz/img/apple-touch-icon-144-precomposed.png">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://022385.xyz/img/favicon/orange.png">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Categories :: Terminal — A simple, retro theme for Hugo" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Categories :: abdulocracy's personal site — " />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="" />
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="https://022385.xyz/" />
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<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
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<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
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<meta property="og:title" content="Categories :: Terminal — A simple, retro theme for Hugo">
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<meta property="og:title" content="Categories :: abdulocracy's personal site — ">
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<meta property="og:description" content="" />
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://022385.xyz/categories/" />
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<meta property="og:site_name" content="Categories" />
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  <link href="/categories/index.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Terminal" />
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<body class="">
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<div class="container center">
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    Terminal
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    abdulocracy
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</a>
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          <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
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          <li class="menu__sub-inner-more-trigger">≡ ▾</li>
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          <li><a href="/showcase">Showcase</a></li>
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                <li><a href="/tags/university-notes">university notes</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/about">about</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/showcase">Showcase</a></li>
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        <li><a href="/tags/university-notes">university notes</a></li>
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    <footer class="footer">
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  <div class="footer__inner">
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      <div class="copyright">
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        <span>© 2019 Powered by <a href="http://gohugo.io">Hugo</a></span>
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      <div class="copyright copyright--user">
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        <span>© Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı 2019 :: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC BY-ND</a></span>
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	<span>:: Theme made by <a href="https://twitter.com/panr">panr</a></span>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-zB1R0rpPzHqg7Kpt0Aljp8JPLqbXI3bhnPWROx27a9N0Ll6ZP/+DiW/UqRcLbRjq" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-y23I5Q6l+B6vatafAwxRu/0oK/79VlbSz7Q9aiSZUvyWYIYsd+qj+o24G5ZU2zJz" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
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<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.11.1/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-kWPLUVMOks5AQFrykwIup5lo0m3iMkkHrD0uJ4H5cjeGihAutqP0yW0J6dpFiVkI" crossorigin="anonymous"
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes" ?>
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<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
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  <channel>
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    <title>Categories on Terminal</title>
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    <title>Categories on abdulocracy's personal site</title>
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    <link>https://022385.xyz/categories/</link>
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    <description>Recent content in Categories on Terminal</description>
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    <description>Recent content in Categories on abdulocracy's personal site</description>
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    <generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
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    <language>en-us</language>
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    <copyright>© Abdulkadir Furkan Şanlı 2019</copyright>
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    <title>Terminal — A simple, retro theme for Hugo</title>
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    <title>abdulocracy's personal site</title>
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      <a href="https://022385.xyz/posts/eidma/">Introduction to Discrete Mathematics</a></h1>
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      Discrete mathematics  Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.  (2=7) statement (x=5) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign (\equiv). Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.
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 | 
			
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<meta property="og:description" content="Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
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		||||
        <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
 | 
			
		||||
        <li><a href="/about">about</a></li>
 | 
			
		||||
      
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
      
 | 
			
		||||
        <li><a href="/showcase">Showcase</a></li>
 | 
			
		||||
        <li><a href="/tags/university-notes">university notes</a></li>
 | 
			
		||||
      
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -118,12 +134,12 @@
 | 
			
		||||
  <div class="post-meta">
 | 
			
		||||
      
 | 
			
		||||
    <span class="post-date">
 | 
			
		||||
      2019-03-26
 | 
			
		||||
      2019-11-04
 | 
			
		||||
    </span>
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
    <span class="post-author">::
 | 
			
		||||
      abdul
 | 
			
		||||
      Abdulkadir
 | 
			
		||||
    </span>
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
  </div>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -133,17 +149,13 @@
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
    #<a href="https://022385.xyz/tags/university-notes/">university-notes</a> 
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
    #<a href="https://022385.xyz/tags/"></a> 
 | 
			
		||||
    
 | 
			
		||||
  </span>
 | 
			
		||||
  
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
  
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
  <div class="post-content">
 | 
			
		||||
    <h1 id="discrete-mathematics">Discrete mathematics</h1>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
    <ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -151,22 +163,27 @@
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(2=7\)</span> statement</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(x=5\)</span> not a statement</li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign <span  class="math">\(\equiv\)</span>.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.).</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>When doing logic, we use propositional variables (e.g. p, q, r).
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign <span  class="math">\(\equiv\)</span>.</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.).</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>When doing logic, we use propositional variables (e.g. p, q, r).</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Can be either <strong>true</strong> or <strong>false</strong>.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>The operations done on propositional variables are called propositional connectives.
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ol>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>The operations done on propositional variables are called propositional connectives.</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Conjunction: <span  class="math">\(p \land q\)</span> is only true if both p and q are true <span  class="math">\((0001)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Disjunction: <span  class="math">\(p \lor q\)</span> is only false if both p and q are false <span  class="math">\((0111)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Implication (material conditional): <span  class="math">\(p \implies q\)</span> is false only if p is true and q is false (truth table <span  class="math">\((1011)\)</span>)
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -174,13 +191,15 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\equiv \neg p \lor q\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ol></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Not necessarily connectives but unary operations:
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ol>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Not necessarily connectives but unary operations:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Negation: Denoted by ~, <span  class="math">\(\neg\)</span> or NOT, negates the one input <span  class="math">\((10)\)</span>.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ol></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>A (propositional) formula is a "properly constructed" logical expression.
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>A (propositional) formula is a "properly constructed" logical expression.</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>e.g. <span  class="math">\(\neg[(p \lor q)] \land r\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -195,7 +214,8 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\neg(B \lor C)\)</span> can be written as <span  class="math">\(\neg B \land \neg C\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Double negation law: <span  class="math">\(\neg(\neg p) \equiv p\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Double negation law: <span  class="math">\(\neg(\neg p) \equiv p\)</span></p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>De Morgan's laws: <span  class="math">\(\neg(p \land q) \equiv \neg p \lor \neg q\)</span> and <span  class="math">\(\neg(p \lor q) \equiv \neg p \land \neg q\)</span>.</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -204,13 +224,14 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Contraposition law:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((p \implies q) \equiv (\neg q \implies \neg p)\)</span> prove by contraposition
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\((p \implies q) \equiv (\neg q \implies \neg p)\)</span> prove by contraposition</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((p \implies q) \equiv (\neg p \lor q)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\neg q \implies \neg p) \equiv (\neg (\neg q) \lor (\neg p) \equiv (q \lor \neg p) \equiv (\neg p \lor q)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Contradiction law:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Contradiction law:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(p \lor \neg p \equiv 1\)</span> and <span  class="math">\(p \land \neg p \equiv 0\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -223,15 +244,17 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<h2 id="sets">Sets</h2>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>We will consider subsets of universal set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>We will consider subsets of universal set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span></p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(2^\mathbb X = \{ A : A \subseteq \mathbb X\}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(2^\mathbb X = P(\mathbb X)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>All 2 object subsets of <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span>:  <span  class="math">\(P_2(\mathbb X)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \subset B \equiv\)</span> every element of A is an element of B <span  class="math">\(\equiv \{x \in \mathbb X : x \in A \implies x \in B\}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Operations on sets:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\(A \subset B \equiv\)</span> every element of A is an element of B <span  class="math">\(\equiv \{x \in \mathbb X : x \in A \implies x \in B\}\)</span></p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Operations on sets:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Union - <span  class="math">\(\cup\)</span> - <span  class="math">\(A \cup B = \{ x \in \mathbb X : x \in A \lor x \in B \}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -242,25 +265,30 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<li>If <span  class="math">\(x = \{ 1 \}\)</span> then <span  class="math">\(x' = \emptyset\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Equality of sets: <span  class="math">\(A = B\)</span> iff <span  class="math">\(x \in \mathbb X : (x \in A \iff x \in B)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Difference of sets:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Equality of sets: <span  class="math">\(A = B\)</span> iff <span  class="math">\(x \in \mathbb X : (x \in A \iff x \in B)\)</span></p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Difference of sets:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \setminus B = \{ x \in \mathbb X : x \in A \land x \notin B \} = A \cap B'\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Symmetric difference: <span  class="math">\(A \div B = (A \setminus B) \cup (B \setminus A)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Laws of set algebra:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ol>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Laws of set algebra:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \cup B = B \cup A , A \cap B = B \cap A\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((A \cup B) \cup C = A \cup (B \cup C), (A \cap B) \cap C = A \cap (B \cap C)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((A \cap (B \cup C) = (A \cap B) \cup (A \cap C)\)</span> vice versa</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \cap \emptyset, A \cap \mathbb X = A, A \cup \emptyset = A, A \cup \mathbb X = \mathbb X\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((A \cup B)' = A' \cap B'\)</span> vice versa</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \cup A' = \mathbb X, A \cap A' = \emptyset\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ol></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Note: <span  class="math">\(\{ \emptyset \} \neq \emptyset\)</span>, one is a set with one element, one is the empty set, no elements (<span  class="math">\(\{ \}\)</span>)</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Quip: <span  class="math">\(\{ x \in \mathbb R : x^2 = -1\} = \emptyset\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Note: <span  class="math">\(\{ \emptyset \} \neq \emptyset\)</span>, one is a set with one element, one is the empty set, no elements (<span  class="math">\(\{ \}\)</span>)</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Quip: <span  class="math">\(\{ x \in \mathbb R : x^2 = -1\} = \emptyset\)</span></p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<h2 id="quantifiers">Quantifiers</h2>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -268,45 +296,54 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\phi\)</span> - prepositional function: yields only true or false value</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\forall\)</span> means "for all" and <span  class="math">\(\exists\)</span> means "there exists"</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\forall\)</span>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\[\forall\]</span></p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Shorthand for <span  class="math">\(\land\)</span> e.g. <span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \{ 1, 2, ... 10 \}) x > 0 \equiv 1 > 0 \land 2 > 0 \land ... 10 > 0\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Shorthand for <span  class="math">\[\land\]</span> e.g. <span  class="math">\[(\forall x \in \{ 1, 2, ... 10 \}) x > 0 \equiv 1 > 0 \land 2 > 0 \land ... 10 > 0\]</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\exists\)</span>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\[\exists\]</span></p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Shorthand for <span  class="math">\(\lor\)</span> e.g. <span  class="math">\((\exists x \in \{ 1, 2, ... 10 \}) x > 5 \equiv 1 > 5 \lor 2 > 5 \lor ... 10 > 5\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Shorthand for <span  class="math">\[\lor\]</span> e.g. <span  class="math">\[(\exists x \in \{ 1, 2, ... 10 \}) x > 5 \equiv 1 > 5 \lor 2 > 5 \lor ... 10 > 5\]</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\neg \forall \equiv \exists\)</span>, vice versa</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>With quantifiers we can write logical statements e.g.
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\(\neg \forall \equiv \exists\)</span>, vice versa</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>With quantifiers we can write logical statements e.g.</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \mathbb{R}) (\forall y \in \mathbb{R}) x > y\)</span> is a statement and is false</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x) (\exists y) x > y\)</span> is true</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>shortcut: <span  class="math">\((\exists x, y) \equiv (\exists x) (\exists y)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Quantifiers can be expressed in set language, sort of a definition in terms of sets:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Quantifiers can be expressed in set language, sort of a definition in terms of sets:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \mathbb{X}) (\phi(x)) \equiv \{ p \in \mathbb{X} : \phi(p) \} = \mathbb{X}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\exists x \in \mathbb{X}) (\phi(x)) \equiv \{ q \in \mathbb{X} : \phi(q) \} \neq \emptyset\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\exists x \in \mathbb{X}) (\neg \phi(x)) \equiv \neg ( \{ p \in \mathbb{X} : \phi(p) \} = \mathbb{X} )\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Order of quantifiers matters.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Order of quantifiers matters.</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<h2 id="relations">Relations</h2>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Cartesian product:
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Cartesian product:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(A \times B = \{ (p, q) : p \in A \land q \in B \}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Def: A relation <span  class="math">\(R\)</span> on a set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> is a subset of <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X \times \mathbb X\)</span> (<span  class="math">\(R \subseteq \mathbb X \times \mathbb X\)</span>)</li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Graph of a function <span  class="math">\(f()\)</span>: <span  class="math">\(\{ (x, f(x) : x \in Dom(f) \}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Properties of:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Def: A relation <span  class="math">\(R\)</span> on a set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> is a subset of <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X \times \mathbb X\)</span> (<span  class="math">\(R \subseteq \mathbb X \times \mathbb X\)</span>)</p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Graph of a function <span  class="math">\(f()\)</span>: <span  class="math">\(\{ (x, f(x) : x \in Dom(f) \}\)</span></p></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Properties of:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ol>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Reflexivity: <span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \mathbb X ) (x, x) \in R \equiv (\forall x \in \mathbb X) x R x\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -314,7 +351,8 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Transitivity: <span  class="math">\((\forall x, y, z \in \mathbb X) (x R y \land y R z \implies x R z)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Antisymmetricity: <span  class="math">\((\forall x, y \in \mathbb X) (x R y \land y R x \implies x = y)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ol></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Equivalence relations:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Equivalence relations:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Def: <span  class="math">\(R \subseteq \mathbb X \times \mathbb X\)</span> is said to be an equivalence relation <em>iff</em> <span  class="math">\(R\)</span> is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.</li>
 | 
			
		||||
@@ -326,22 +364,25 @@
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x, y \in \mathbb X) ([x] \cap [y] \neq \emptyset \iff [x] = [y])\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>Partitions
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>Partitions</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li>A partition is a set containing subsets of some set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> such that their collective symmetric difference equals <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span>. A partition of is a set <span  class="math">\(\{ A_i: i \in \mathbb I \land A_i \subseteq \mathbb X \}\)</span> such that:
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>A partition is a set containing subsets of some set <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> such that their collective symmetric difference equals <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span>. A partition of is a set <span  class="math">\(\{ A_i: i \in \mathbb I \land A_i \subseteq \mathbb X \}\)</span> such that:</p>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<ul>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \mathbb X) (\exists j \in \mathbb I) (x \in A_j)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\((\forall i, j \in \mathbb I) (i \neq j \implies A_i \cap A_j = \emptyset)\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
</ul></li>
 | 
			
		||||
<li><span  class="math">\(\{ A_i \}_{i \in \mathbb I}\)</span> is a partition <em>iff</em> there exists an equivalence relation <span  class="math">\(R\)</span> on <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> such that:
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p><span  class="math">\(\{ A_i \}_{i \in \mathbb I}\)</span> is a partition <em>iff</em> there exists an equivalence relation <span  class="math">\(R\)</span> on <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X\)</span> such that:</p>
 | 
			
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 | 
			
		||||
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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<li><span  class="math">\((\forall x \in \mathbb X) (\exists j \in \mathbb I) [x] = A_j\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
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 | 
			
		||||
<li>The quotient set: <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X / R = \{ [a] : a \in \mathbb X \}\)</span></li>
 | 
			
		||||
 | 
			
		||||
<li><p>The quotient set: <span  class="math">\(\mathbb X / R = \{ [a] : a \in \mathbb X \}\)</span></p></li>
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 | 
			
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    abdulocracy
 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
		||||
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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      <a href="https://022385.xyz/posts/eidma/">Introduction to Discrete Mathematics</a></h1>
 | 
			
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 | 
			
		||||
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 | 
			
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        2019-03-26
 | 
			
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        2019-11-04
 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
		||||
        abdul</span>
 | 
			
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        Abdulkadir</span>
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 | 
			
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      Discrete mathematics  Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.  (2=7) statement (x=5) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign (\equiv). Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.
 | 
			
		||||
      Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
 | 
			
		||||
 (2=7) statement (x=5) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign (\equiv).
 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
		||||
      <description>Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
 | 
			
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 \(2=7\) statement \(x=5\) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign \(\equiv\).
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 Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.</description>
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 | 
			
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      <a href="https://022385.xyz/posts/eidma/">Introduction to Discrete Mathematics</a></h1>
 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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      Discrete mathematics  Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.  (2=7) statement (x=5) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign (\equiv). Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.
 | 
			
		||||
      Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
 | 
			
		||||
 (2=7) statement (x=5) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign (\equiv).
 | 
			
		||||
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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 | 
			
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      <description>Discrete mathematics  Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.  \(2=7\) statement \(x=5\) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign \(\equiv\). Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.</description>
 | 
			
		||||
      <description>Mathematics without infinitely small, continuous mathematical objects. The mathematics of finite sets.  Propositional calculus  Comes from the linguistic concept that things can be either true or false. We should avoid variables when forming statements, as they may change the logical value.
 | 
			
		||||
 \(2=7\) statement \(x=5\) not a statement  In logic we do not use the equals sign, we use the equivalence sign \(\equiv\).
 | 
			
		||||
 Logical values (booleans) are denoted by either 0 or 1 (or t, f, etc.</description>
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    </item>
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		||||
    
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  </channel>
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		Reference in New Issue
	
	Block a user